\n\t Then Zeus Cronida made Glaucus lose his mind, \n\t \u1f14νθ\u1fbd α\u1f56τε Γλα\u1f7bκωι Κρον\u1f77δης φρ\u1f73νας \u1f10ξ\u1f73λετο Ζε\u1f7bς, \n\tPliny says in Naturalis History 33 (3) 7<\/em>:<\/p>\n \n\tSome, he tells us<\/strong><\/em> (Homer), would make their purchases by bartering ox-hides, and others by bartering iron or the spoil which they had taken from the enemy: and yet he himself, already an admirer of gold, was so far aware of the relative value of things, that Glaucus, he informs us, exchanged his arms of gold, valued at one hundred oxen, for those of Diomedes, which were worth but nine. Proceeding upon the same system of barter, many of the fines imposed by ancient laws, at Rome even, were levied in cattle,<\/strong><\/em> [and not in money]. John Bostock, M.D., F.R.S., H.T. Riley, Esq., B.A., Ed.<\/p>\n \n\talios coriis boum, alios ferro captivisque res emptitasse tradit. quare, quamquam ipse iam mirator auri, pecore aestimationes rerum ita fecit, ut C boum arma aurea permutasse Glaucum diceret cum Diomedis armis VIIII boum ex qua consuetudine multa legum antiquarum pecore constat etiam Romae.<\/em><\/p>\n \n\tOr in Iliad, XXIII, 705<\/em> \n\t \n\t(Even today among some Asian and African people the bride´s price is set according to heads of livestock, whether beef cattle, camels or any other …)<\/p>\n \n\tThe currency, as we use it today, appeared probably in Lydia or the Asiatic Greece in the seventh century BC.<\/p>\n \n\tAmong the Latin people<\/em> the reminiscences of their relationship with livestock are obvious. The word " pecus, – oris<\/em> " means cattle, flock, herd<\/em>; from pecus derives pecunia <\/em>which in principle means wealth, fortune, because according to Festus <\/em>in the Antiquity the fortune consisted on cattle; it also means coin<\/em>, money <\/em>without requiring further explanation .<\/p>\n \n\tInterestingly the first coins of copper or metal, remarkable progress at the time, were simple very heavy metal bullion (the one that appears in the illustration measuring 24 x 18 cm), sometimes in the form of an ox-hide<\/em>, called " aes rude<\/em> = raw as, no coined "and then, perhaps in the V century BC, coined with the printed figure of an ox or bull (aes signatum<\/em>). The figure of a sheep or pig sometimes appears printed on them.<\/p>\n \n\tLater, coins that kept showing the figure of an ox or bull on the reverse were very common.<\/p>\n \n\tFrom pecunia <\/em>derives pecuniary<\/em>, from the Latin pecuniarius <\/em>which means "belonging or relating to cash<\/em>" according to the Royal Spanish Academy<\/em>.<\/p>\n \n\tFrom pecunia <\/em>also comes peculium<\/em>, from the Latin peculium<\/em>, which means, also according to the RAE, "Finance, volume or fortune the father or lord allowed the son or servant to take for their own use and trade and then, by extension, money each one has particularly, whether or not he is a family child<\/em>”. Its source is naturally in the part of the herd that the master allowed the slave or caretaker to take for his livelihood.<\/p>\n \n\tCapital<\/em> derives from capitalis <\/em>and this one from caput<\/em>, capitis <\/em>(head), which in this economic context refers, of course, to the head of cattle<\/em>; so to accumulate capital means to accumulate heads of cattle, that is, money.<\/p>\n \n\tAs it´s obvious from capital <\/em>(capitalis <\/em>in Latin) come other words such as capitalism<\/em>, capitalist<\/em>…so often used nowadays in the trade world and in an economic and ideological context.<\/p>\n \n\t"Capitalis<\/em>" in classical Latin refers also to death penalties or crimes; with economic sense we find the classical Latin term “capitarium”, referring to the principal of a debt, rent or income.<\/p>\n \n\tFrom the word capitalis <\/em>also derives “caudal<\/em>”, a Spanish word (before cabdal<\/em>) = finance\/ fortune<\/em>, in English, which means, among other things, "Finance, assets or goods of any kind, and most commonly money<\/em>”, according to the dictionary of the Royal Academy of the Spanish Language. And the word is used in this sense in the expression "safe, strongbox or safe-deposit box<\/em>” (= box of “caudales” in Spanish).<\/p>\n \n\tThe word money<\/em>, coin (“moneda<\/em>” in Spanish) has a curious origin. In the republican Rome the money was coined in a dependency near the temple of Juno Moneta<\/em>. Moneta <\/em>was one of multiple determiners or names with which they (the Roman people) referred to the goddess Juno<\/em>, the goddess Hera <\/em>for the Greek people. Moneta <\/em>means "the informant, the protector, the one who takes care of us, who warns us, who advises us<\/em>"<\/p>\n \n\tLook that this explains not only the origin of the Spanish word “moneda<\/em>” (coin) but also the origin of the English word “money<\/em>” (but as we will see next money is said “dinero<\/em>” and not money in Spanish and its provenance has another different explanation).<\/p>\n \n\tThe term money (dinero<\/em>, in Spanish) derives from denarius<\/em>, (at the same time derived from the also Latin " deni <\/em>" which means ten<\/em>), silver Roman coin, imitation of Greek coins, that was started to be coined in 269 BC approximately, and that was equivalent to ten bronze coins called as<\/em>.<\/p>\n \n\tFrom "denarius<\/em>” comes “dinar<\/em>" which is the name of the monetary unit in many Arab <\/em>countries. \n\tRelated to this world of the coin is the word ceca<\/em>, mint<\/em>, place, institution, workshop in which the coins are minted or coined, which comes from the Arabic " dar al- sikka<\/em> " (mint, house of the coin).<\/p>\n \n\tOn another occasion we will discuss the Greek and Roman monetary systems.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" At some point in the hominids\u2019 evolution must appear the goods exchange or barter. This so simple and straightforward system can be used even today for exceptional trade operations, but certainly it would be very cumbersome for the development of an economy with large trade or huge commercial exchanges. It was necessary then to find a valuation system based on a pattern or unit. That is, it was necessary to invent the money, the coins and the currency and this happened in the Bronze Age, in the second millennium BC.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[7,6,13,14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4757","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-culture","category-habits","category-history","category-language-literature"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.antiquitatem.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4757","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.antiquitatem.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.antiquitatem.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.antiquitatem.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.antiquitatem.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4757"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.antiquitatem.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4757\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.antiquitatem.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4757"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.antiquitatem.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4757"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.antiquitatem.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4757"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\n\t who exchanged his weapons with the Tidida Diomedes,
\n\t gold by bronze, ones that were worth a hundred oxen by others being worth nine.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n
\n\t \u1f43ς πρ\u1f78ς Τυδε\u1fd3δην Διομ\u1f75δεα τε\u1f7bχε\u1fbd \u1f04μειβε
\n\t χρ\u1f7bσεα χαλκε\u1f77ων, \u1f11κατ\u1f79μβοι\u1fbd \u1f10ννεαβο\u1f77ων.<\/p>\n
\n\t
\n\t The Pelida deposited the third set of awards immediately
\n\t for the rough fight, after having exhibited them to the Danaans:
\n\t for the winner a large tripod to put the fire,
\n\t valued at the price of twelve oxen by the achaeans each other
\n\t and for the loser he stood up a woman at the center
\n\t skilled in many tasks, who was priced in four oxen.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n
\n\t Πηλε\u1fd3δης δ\u1fbd α\u1f36ψ\u1fbd \u1f04λλα κατ\u1f70 τρ\u1f77τα θ\u1fc6κεν \u1f04εθλα
\n\t δεικν\u1f7bμενος Δαναο\u1fd6σι παλαισμοσ\u1f7bνης \u1f00λεγειν\u1fc6ς,
\n\t τ\u1ff6ι μ\u1f72ν νικ\u1f75σαντι μ\u1f73γαν τρ\u1f77ποδ\u1fbd \u1f10μπυριβ\u1f75την,
\n\t τ\u1f78ν δ\u1f72 δυωδεκ\u1f71βοιον \u1f10ν\u1f76 σφ\u1f77σι τ\u1fd6ον \u1f08χαιο\u1f77\u0387
\n\t \u1f00νδρ\u1f76 δ\u1f72 νικηθ\u1f73ντι γυνα\u1fd6κ\u1fbd \u1f10ς μ\u1f73σσον \u1f14θηκε,
\n\t πολλ\u1f70 δ\u1fbd \u1f10π\u1f77στατο \u1f14ργα, τ\u1f77ον δ\u1f73 \u1f11 τεσσαρ\u1f71βοιον.<\/p>\n\n\n
\n \n\t\t\t\t ![](\"https:\/\/www.antiquitatem.com\/imgs\/arts\/buey-trueque-1.png\")
<\/td>\n\n\t\t\t\t ![](\"https:\/\/www.antiquitatem.com\/imgs\/arts\/buey-trueque-2.png\")
<\/td>\n\n\t\t\t\t ![](\"https:\/\/www.antiquitatem.com\/imgs\/arts\/buey-trueque-3.png\")
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\n\tThe study and art of collecting coins is called numismatics<\/em>, word derived from the Latin numisma <\/em>or nomisma<\/em>, Latin transcription of the Greek ν\u03ccμισμα, which literally means "moneda= coin<\/em>", related to ν\u03ccμος meaning usage, custom, law.<\/em><\/p>\n